Restrictive Modifier

What Is a Restrictive Modifier? (with Examples)

A restrictive modifier is a word, phrase, or dependent clause which modifies another element in a way which is essential to the meaning of the sentence.

Unlike additional information in a sentence (which can be offset with commas or other parenthetical punctuation such as brackets or dashes), a restrictive modifier is not offset with punctuation, and this signifies it is essential to the meaning.

There is one notable exception to this. If a restrictive modifier is a phrase or clause which starts a sentence, it can be separated from the thing it modifies with a comma. (More on this below.)

Examples of Restrictive Modifiers

Here are some examples of restrictive modifiers (shaded): In the examples above, the restrictive modifiers are all restrictive clauses functioning as adjectives. Notice how they are not offset with commas. The shaded text is essential to the meaning of the sentence. Look at these two examples:

Adverbial Restrictive Modifiers and Other Types

Restrictive modifiers are not always adjective clauses. There are many other types. For example: Notice how none of them are offset with a comma (or commas).

Remember, anything that modifies something else in a way that is essential for meaning is a restrictive modifier. So, the following are all restrictive modifiers: However, when people talk about restrictive modifiers, they tend to have adjective clauses and adverbial clauses in mind.

Use a Comma If Your Restrictive Modifier Is at the Front

When a restrictive modifier (usually an adverbial clause or phrase) is at the start of a sentence, it is offset with a comma. For example:


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See Also

Advice or advise? List of easily confused words