Verbs Express Actions
Verbs are doing words. A verb usually expresses an action.
Examples:
The doctor wrote the prescription.
(In this example, the word "wrote" is a verb. It expresses the action 'to
write'.)
Alison bought a ticket.
(The word "bought" is a verb. It expresses the action 'to buy'.)Verbs
Express Mental Actions Too
Verbs do not necessarily express physical actions like the ones above. They can express mental actions too:
Example:
Peter guessed the right number.
(The word "guessed" is a verb. It expresses the action 'to guess'.)
I thought
the same thing.
(The word "thought" is a verb. It expresses the action 'to think'.)Verbs
Express a State of Being
A small, but extremely important group of verbs do not express any action at all. The most important verb in this group - arguably of all - is the verb
'to be'. This is seen in forms like: is, are, were, was, will be, etc.
Examples:
Edwina is the largest elephant in this area.
(The word "is" is a verb from the verb 'to be'.)
It was me.
(The word "was" is a verb from the verb 'to be'.)
I am.
(The word "am" is a verb from the verb 'to be'.)
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VERB TERMINOLOGY
In general, verbs are not responsible for many common errors made by native English speakers. However, there is a lot of grammatical terminology associated with verbs. Below are explanations of those used most frequently by grammarians.
(There is a more comprehensive list in the Glossary of
Terms.)
INFINITIVE FORM
When a verb is preceded by the word 'to', it is said to be in its infinitive
form (i.e., most basic form).
I have to smoke that!
("to smoke" - infinitive form of the verb)
PAST TENSE
Verbs which express actions in the past are said to be in the 'past
tense'.
I ran to the lake.
("ran" - past tense of the verb 'to run')
They were all there.
("were" - past tense of the verb 'to be')
PRESENT TENSE
Verbs which express present actions are said to be in the 'present
tense'.
John jumps out the window.
("jumps" - present tense of the verb 'to jump')
Who is ill?
("is" - present tense of the verb 'to be')
FUTURE TENSE
Verbs which express actions in the future are said to be in the 'future
tense'. These are usually formed by preceding the verb with the word
'will'.
I will take the blame.
("will take" - future tense of the verb 'to take')
They will surrender.
("will surrender" - future tense of the verb 'to surrender')
SUBJECT OF A VERB
The person or thing performing the action of the verb is said to be the 'subject of the
verb' or the 'subject of the sentence'.
Tony stole the boat.
("Tony" - subject of the verb 'to steal')
Tony is guilty.
("Tony" - subject of the verb 'to be')
Who was that?
("Who" - subject of the verb 'to be' (i.e., was))
DIRECT OBJECT OF A VERB
Many verbs perform an action on something. This is called the 'direct object' of the verb.
Terry kissed her hand.
("her hand" - direct object of the verb 'to kiss')
Beverly will eat a whole chicken.
("a whole chicken" - direct object of the verb 'to eat')
INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Some verbs cannot have a direct object. These verbs are said to be 'intransitive
verbs'.
The rain fell heavily.
(The rain fell, but it did not perform an action on anything.
In this example, the verb 'to fall' is an intransitive verb.)
Jack protested in the street.
(Jack protested, but he did not perform an action on anything.
In this example, the verb 'to protest' is an intransitive verb.)
Verbs that can have a direct object (most of them) are called 'transitive verbs'.
Barney copied the answer.
("the answer" - direct object of the transitive verb 'to copy')
INDIRECT OBJECT OF A VERB
Some verbs have two objects, a direct object (see above) and an indirect
object. The indirect object is the person or thing for whom the action was performed.
Jamie read the children a story.
("a story" - direct object; "the children" - indirect object)
I will bake him a cake.
("a cake" - direct object; "him" - indirect object)
The postman gives Anne a letter everyday.
("a letter" - direct object; "Anne" - indirect object)
PASSIVE SENTENCE
The subject of a sentence does not always do the action of the verb. Sometimes, the action is done to the subject. Such sentences are called
'passive sentences', because the subjects are being passive, i.e., not doing anything.
Carl was arrested.
("Carl" is not doing anything, but he is the subject of the sentence.)
(Note: "Carl" is the subject of the verb 'to be', i.e., "was".)
Passive verbs always comprise two parts: 'was arrested' in this example. The person doing the action of the verb in a passive sentence is usually shown with the word
'by'.
Carl was arrested by PC Adams.
Passive verbs are said to be in the 'passive
voice'. Passive sentences are quite useful:
The carpet was damaged. (< passive sentence - no blame)
We damaged the carpet. (< active sentence)
ACTIVE SENTENCE
Active sentences are the opposite to passive sentences (see above). In an active sentence, the subject of the verb performs the action.
We damaged the carpet.
(This is an active sentence. "We" is the subject.
"We" "damaged" the carpet.)
Jamie read a story.
(This is an active sentence. "Jamie" is the subject.
"Jamie" "read" a story.)
CONJUGATION OF VERBS
A verb will change its form a little depending on the subject. For example:
I write / He writes (< write and writes)
The camel laughs / The jackals laugh (< laughs and laugh)
When verbs change in this way, it is known as 'conjugation'. A verb conjugates according to the subject. The subject of a verb can be in one of six forms:
1. I
2. You
3. He / She / It
4. We
5. You
6. They
The first three are the singular forms (known as first person singular,
second person singular and third person singular); whereas, the second three are the plural forms (known as first person plural, second person plural and third person plural).
All subjects fit in one of these categories. 'Camel' is like 'he' (i.e., third person singular) and
'jackals' is like 'they' (i.e., third person plural).
This topic rarely causes problems for native English speakers, who conjugate verbs correctly without much thought.
Interestingly, this is the origin of the insurance term 'third party' (insurance for them).
PARTICIPLES
Participles are formed from verbs. There are two types: present participles and
past participles. Present participles end
...ing; whereas, past participles have various endings. Below is a table showing some participles:
Verb |
Present
Participle |
Past
Participle |
to
sing |
singing |
sung |
to
drive |
driving |
driven |
to
go |
going |
gone |
to
rise |
rising |
risen |
to
watch |
watching |
watched |
to
be |
being |
been |
Participles can be used as adjectives. For example:
Soaring prices affect the quality of the wool.
("soaring" - present participle - used as an adjective)
I am not the first to comment that prices are falling.
("falling" - present participle - used as an adjective to describe
"prices")
(Note: When an adjective is placed after the word it is describing,
it is called a 'predicate adjective'.)
He is a forgotten hero.
("forgotten" - past participle - used as an adjective)
They were neglected.
("neglected" - past participle - used as an adjective)
(Note: This is a passive sentence (see above). In this role,
"neglected" is known as a 'past passive participle'.)
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START A NEW SENTENCE
The verb is the most important part of speech - you cannot form a sentence without one. That said, once you have formed a sentence (i.e.,
expressed a complete idea), you should put a full stop (or period )
and end the sentence. Do not insert a comma and continue writing. This is a very common mistake.
It is known as a 'run on' comma or 'run on' sentence. For example:
Pick up a copy of our free brochure, this explains how to contact
us and reach our showroom.
Everyone is aware of the road works in the village, we are still here, come and visit us.
(Occasionally, it may be appropriate to use a dash or a semicolon instead of a full stop. See
the lesson Extend a Sentence.)
BEING OR BEEN
Some writers occasionally confuse the words 'being' and 'been'. As a rule, the word
'been' is always used after 'have' (in any form, e.g., has, had, will have); whereas,
'being' is never used after 'have'. For example:
I have been busy.
Terry has being taking the stores to the shelter.
("being" cannot follow "has")
(Although a past participle,
'been' is not used as an adjective. Therefore, it must be used with
'have', which is its
auxiliary verb. The auxiliary verb for
'being', on the other hand, is 'to be'.)
See the lesson Being or Been?
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BEWARE SPLIT INFINITIVES
Placing another word between 'to' and its verb is called a 'split infinitive' and is considered by some to be a mistake.
For example:
You have to really try.
(The infinitive verb "to try" is split by the word "really".)
...to boldly go where no man has gone before.
(The infinitive verb "to go" is split by the word "boldly".)
This is covered more in the lesson Too and
To.
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WHO OR WHOM?
'Who' is always the subject of a verb; whereas 'whom' is never the subject of a verb. That is the difference between the two. (Covered more in the lesson
Who and Whom.)
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PASSIVE OR ACTIVE?
Many businesses encourage their staff to use active sentences in their writing. This is because they consider the structure of passive sentences to be less flowing and the tone more flowery. For this reason, the Microsoft Word grammar checker often suggests an active version of a passive sentence. For example:
The hook-shaped shoreline was eroded by time.
(passive sentence)
Time eroded the hook-shaped shoreline.
(active sentence / This version would be suggested by Word's grammar checker. However, if you prefer the passive version -
stick with it.)
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